Ford CVRA Specifications
| Engine Model: Ford CVRA |
| Engine Type: 4-cycle 4-cylinder DOHC 16-valve turbocharged liquid-cooled diesel |
| Total Displacement: 134.2 cu.in (2.19 L) |
| Rated Engine Power: 155 Hp (114 kW) at 3500 rpm |
| Fuel System Type: Common Rail Direct Injection |
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The Ford CVRA is a 2.2-liter, 4-cylinder diesel engine
belonging to the Duratorq TDCi (Puma) family. Engineered as a high-output
variant, it was primarily deployed in the Ford Transit (V363) and Transit Custom
(V362) models between 2011 and 2016. This powerplant was specifically configured
for Rear-Wheel Drive (RWD) and All-Wheel Drive (AWD) commercial vehicle
architectures.
It represents a refinement of the Puma lineage, incorporating a high-pressure
common rail fuel system and a variable geometry turbocharger to deliver a
balance of robust low-end torque, operational efficiency, and compliance with
Euro 5 emission standards. The CVRA is recognized for its structural integrity,
featuring a cast iron cylinder block and oil-cooled pistons, which provide the
thermal resilience required for demanding commercial applications.
Engine Type: Inline 4-cylinder, turbocharged diesel, 4-stroke
Family: Duratorq / Puma
Displacement: 2198 cc (134.1 cu.in)
Bore x Stroke: 86.0 mm x 94.6 mm (3.39 in x 3.72 in)
Compression Ratio: 15.5:1
Valvetrain: DOHC (Double Overhead Camshaft), 4 valves per cylinder, 16 valves
total
Firing Order: 1-3-4-2
Maximum Power: 155 hp (114 kW) at 3500 rpm
Maximum Torque: 385 Nm (284 lb-ft) at 1600-2300 rpm
Aspiration: Variable Geometry Turbocharger (VGT) with air-to-air intercooler
Emission Standard: Euro 5
Engine Management System: Bosch EDC17C10
The cylinder block is constructed from cast iron, a
material chosen for its rigidity and resistance to bore distortion under high
mechanical and thermal loads encountered in commercial vehicle operation. The
block is a closed-deck design, enhancing structural strength around the cylinder
bores. It houses the crankshaft and forms the structural foundation for the
engine assembly.
The cylinders are machined with a plateau honed finish to optimize oil retention
and piston ring sealing. The block incorporates cast-in-place oil galleries to
supply pressurized lubricant to the crankshaft, connecting rods, and the piston
cooling jets.
The cylinder head is manufactured from aluminum alloy,
contributing to overall weight reduction while providing efficient heat
dissipation. It features a DOHC configuration with four valves per cylinder,
arranged in a cross-flow pattern to optimize volumetric efficiency. The
camshafts act directly on hydraulic lash adjusters, which in turn actuate roller
finger followers.
This valvetrain design minimizes friction, ensures consistent valve clearance
without manual adjustment, and permits high engine speeds. The intake ports are
designed to generate high swirl, promoting efficient air-fuel mixing within the
combustion chamber. The valves themselves are manufactured from heat-resistant
steel, with the exhaust valves featuring a hollow stem filled with sodium to
enhance cooling and prolong service life.
The fuel system is a high-pressure common rail direct
injection system, supplied by Bosch. It operates at pressures up to 1800 bar
(26,107 psi). The system comprises a high-pressure fuel pump, a fuel rail that
acts as an accumulator, and solenoid-type injectors. The engine control unit
precisely governs injection timing, duration, and pressure, enabling multiple
injection events per combustion cycle.
This strategy reduces combustion noise, lowers particulate emissions, and
improves fuel efficiency. A pilot injection occurs before the main injection
event to reduce the characteristic diesel knock, while post-injection events are
employed to raise exhaust gas temperatures for diesel particulate filter (DPF)
regeneration.
The lubrication system is a full-flow, pressurized
system utilizing a gerotor-type oil pump. The pump is driven by a separate chain
from the crankshaft, distinct from the timing chain, ensuring consistent oil
pressure across the engine speed range. The system includes a piston cooling
feature: oil jets, integrated into the cylinder block casting, direct a
continuous stream of engine oil onto the underside of each piston crown.
This cooling mechanism is critical for managing thermal stress during sustained
high-load operation. The engine oil capacity with filter ranges from 10.1 to
10.3 liters (10.7 to 10.9 qt), dependent on the chassis configuration (RWD or
AWD). The recommended oil grade is SAE 5W-30, conforming to Ford specification
WSS-M2C913-C or WSS-M2C913-D.
The cooling system is a pressurized, water-cooled
design with a cross-flow radiator. The coolant is circulated by a belt-driven
water pump that incorporates a controlled flow mechanism to reduce warm-up time.
A wax-type thermostat regulates the coolant temperature, with the main valve
beginning to open at 88°C (190°F). An electric cooling fan, controlled by the
engine control unit, draws air through the radiator and intercooler.
The system is designed to maintain optimal operating temperatures for both the
engine and the engine control unit. Total coolant capacity ranges from 11.5 to
13.0 liters (12.2 to 13.7 qt), with the variation attributable to optional
rear-heating circuits present in certain vehicle configurations.
The engine is equipped with an exhaust gas
recirculation (EGR) system to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions. A cooled EGR
circuit diverts a portion of exhaust gas, routes it through an EGR cooler, and
reintroduces it into the intake manifold to lower combustion temperatures. A
diesel particulate filter (DPF) is integrated into the exhaust system to trap
and oxidize soot particles, ensuring compliance with Euro 5 emission
regulations.
Timing Drive: The camshafts are driven by a
single-stage roller chain. This chain operates in an oil bath and is designed
for the service life of the engine under normal operating conditions. A
separate, shorter roller chain drives the oil pump from the crankshaft.
Aspiration: The variable geometry turbocharger utilizes adjustable vanes in the
turbine housing. These vanes alter the exhaust gas flow velocity onto the
turbine wheel, allowing the system to vary boost pressure dynamically. This
design minimizes turbo lag at low engine speeds and provides controlled boost at
high engine speeds, contributing to the engine’s broad torque plateau.
Electrical System: The starting system utilizes a 12 V, 2.2 kW starter motor.
The charging system comprises a 175 A alternator to support the high electrical
demands of the vehicle.
Length (from fan to flywheel housing): 690 mm (27.2 in)
Width (overall, including exhaust manifold): 690 mm (27.2 in)
Height (overall): 820 mm (32.3 in)
Dry Engine Weight (without ancillary components): 205 kg (452 lb)
Engine Oil Change Interval: Maximum 12 months or 20,000
km (12,500 miles), under normal operating conditions. Engine Oil Capacity (with
filter): 10.1 to 10.3 L (10.7 to 10.9 qt) Engine Oil Specification: SAE 5W-30,
Ford WSS-M2C913-C or WSS-M2C913-D. Coolant Capacity (primary system): 11.5 to
13.0 L (12.2 to 13.7 qt). Coolant Specification: Ford WSS-M97B44-D (orange) or
equivalent OAT (Organic Acid Technology) antifreeze.
Fuel Filter Replacement Interval: 20,000 km (12,500 miles) Air Filter
Replacement Interval: 40,000 km (25,000 miles) or as indicated by the filter
restriction gauge. Timing Chain Inspection: No routine replacement interval;
inspection recommended if chain noise or engine performance issues are observed.
Valve Clearance: Hydraulic lash adjusters; no manual adjustment required. Drive
Belt Tension: Automatic tensioner; no adjustment required. Inspect belt for
cracking or fraying at specified service intervals.
Cylinder Head Bolts (Stage 1): 40 Nm (30 lb-ft)
Cylinder Head Bolts (Stage 2): 90°
Cylinder Head Bolts (Stage 3): 90°
Connecting Rod Cap Bolts (Stage 1): 20 Nm (15 lb-ft)
Connecting Rod Cap Bolts (Stage 2): 90°
Main Bearing Cap Bolts (Stage 1): 50 Nm (37 lb-ft)
Main Bearing Cap Bolts (Stage 2): 90°
Flywheel Bolts (Stage 1): 30 Nm (22 lb-ft)
Flywheel Bolts (Stage 2): 90°
Camshaft Bearing Cap Bolts: 12 Nm (9 lb-ft) + 90°
Crankshaft Pulley Bolt: 70 (52 lb-ft) + 90°
Injector Clamp Bolt: 8 Nm (6 lb-ft) + 180°
Ford Transit (V363): 2011-2016, RWD and AWD
configurations, medium and heavy chassis variants.
Ford Transit Custom (V362): 2012-2016, RWD and AWD configurations.
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